VRF Security Considerations

Gaining access to high quality randomness onchain requires a solution like Chainlink's VRF, but it also requires you to understand some of the ways that miners or validators can potentially manipulate randomness generation. Here are some of the top security considerations you should review in your project.

Use requestId to match randomness requests with their fulfillment in order

If your contract could have multiple VRF requests in flight simultaneously, you must ensure that the order in which the VRF fulfillments arrive cannot be used to manipulate your contract's user-significant behavior.

Blockchain miners/validators can control the order in which your requests appear onchain, and hence the order in which your contract responds to them.

For example, if you made randomness requests A, B, C in short succession, there is no guarantee that the associated randomness fulfillments will also be in order A, B, C. The randomness fulfillments might just as well arrive at your contract in order C, A, B or any other order.

We recommend using the requestID to match randomness requests with their corresponding fulfillments.

Choose a safe block confirmation time, which will vary between blockchains

In principle, miners/validators of your underlying blockchain could rewrite the chain's history to put a randomness request from your contract into a different block, which would result in a different VRF output. Note that this does not enable a miner to determine the random value in advance. It only enables them to get a fresh random value that might or might not be to their advantage. By way of analogy, they can only re-roll the dice, not predetermine or predict which side it will land on.

You must choose an appropriate confirmation time for the randomness requests you make. Confirmation time is how many blocks the VRF service waits before writing a fulfillment to the chain to make potential rewrite attacks unprofitable in the context of your application and its value-at-risk.

Do not allow re-requesting or cancellation of randomness

Any re-request or cancellation of randomness is an incorrect use of VRFv2. dApps that implement the ability to cancel or re-request randomness for specific commitments must consider the additional attack vectors created by this capability. For example, you must prevent the ability for any party to discard unfavorable randomness.

Don't accept bids/bets/inputs after you have made a randomness request

Consider the example of a contract that mints a random NFT in response to a user's actions.

The contract should:

  1. Record whatever actions of the user may affect the generated NFT.
  2. Stop accepting further user actions that might affect the generated NFT and issue a randomness request.
  3. On randomness fulfillment, mint the NFT.

Generally speaking, whenever an outcome in your contract depends on some user-supplied inputs and randomness, the contract should not accept any additional user-supplied inputs after it submits the randomness request.

Otherwise, the cryptoeconomic security properties may be violated by an attacker that can rewrite the chain.

fulfillRandomWords must not revert

If your fulfillRandomWords() implementation reverts, the VRF service will not attempt to call it a second time. Make sure your contract logic does not revert. Consider simply storing the randomness and taking more complex follow-on actions in separate contract calls made by you, your users, or an Automation Node.

Use VRFConsumerBaseV2 in your contract, to interact with the VRF service

If you implement the subscription method, use VRFConsumerBaseV2. It includes a check to ensure the randomness is fulfilled by VRFCoordinatorV2. For this reason, it is a best practice to inherit from VRFConsumerBaseV2. Similarly, don't override rawFulfillRandomness.

Use VRFv2WrapperConsumer.sol in your contract, to interact with the VRF service

If you implement the direct funding method, use VRFv2WrapperConsumer. It includes a check to ensure the randomness is fulfilled by the VRFV2Wrapper. For this reason, it is a best practice to inherit from VRFv2WrapperConsumer. Similarly, don't override rawFulfillRandomWords.

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